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<P>
<CENTER><H3>The Promotion World Informer</H3>
<H4>Issue #48    December 1, 1998</H4></CENTER>
<P>
Contents Of This Issue:
<P>
<UL>
<LI>Editor's Notes
<LI>Cool Quotes
<LI>KNOCK! KNOCK!! By Rick Beneteau 
<LI>Sponsor Message 
<LI>The Discussion Board
<LI>What's New At Promotion World
<LI>The Candy Store, By Bob Osgoodby
<LI>Ins and Outs of Affiliate Programs
<LI>Bits and Pieces
<LI>Website Usability
<LI>News Headlines
<LI>Misc. Information
</UL>

<P>
<HR>
<CENTER><H3>Editor's Notes</H3></CENTER>
<P>
You know, it's hard to think up something new and profound to say in this
space each week. I think I'll just leave it at this. Enjoy the issue!
<P>
We respect your privacy! The Informer is only sent to those
who subscribe to it. We will never give our subscriber list
to anyone. If you don't remember signing up, let me jog your
memory. You probably signed up on my site, found at
<A HREF="http://www.promotionworld.com">http://www.promotionworld.com</A>. If you don't want to
receive this newsletter anymore then just follow the simple
unsubscribe instructions at the end of this newsletter.

<P>
<HR>
<CENTER><H3>Cool Quotes</H3></CENTER>
<P>
<UL>
<LI>Isn't it amazing that South American three-banded armadillos, with 
three flexible joints in their shells, can roll up in a ball, while 
North American nine-banded, armadillos, with nine flexible joints, 
can't?<BR>Chuck Bonner
<P>
<LI>Why do banks charge you a "non-sufficient funds fee" on money
they already know you don't have?
<BR> Unknown
<P>
<LI>Character cannot be developed in ease and quiet. Only through experience of
trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened, ambition inspired, and
success achieved.<BR>Helen Keller
<P>
</UL>
Download all the past Cool Quotes by sending any email to
<A HREF="mailto:quotes@promotionworld.com">mailto:quotes@promotionworld.com</A>. Enjoy!

<P>
<HR>
<CENTER><H3>Feature Article</H3></CENTER>
<P>

KNOCK! KNOCK!<BR>
aka: Internet Marketing Application for 'non-Internet' Businesses<BR>
By Rick Beneteau
<P>
My doorknocker is getting rusty! I don't know about your neighborhood but it
seems only the occasional vacuum cleaner saleskid flashes free dishsoap
through my screen door anymore.
<P>
On the other hand, the phone sure rings a lot more and I'm sorry to have to
announce to telemarketers several times a day that Mr. Beneteau, or the "man
of the house", has passed on.
<P>
Is it just me, or has the daily newspaper gone on a diet? Looking a little
thinner these days with less display ads. 
<P>
My eyes and ears don't deceive me when the now several hundred TV channels
pump out hour upon hour of infomercials. 
<P>
And radio has put its hyper-than-ever voice onto the Web, electing to follow
you out of your car and onto your computer. 
<P>
Have you also noticed it's a 24 hour-a-day news broadcast on the Internet? 
<P>
The times they are a changin' one songwriter said. Question is, are you
changing with the times? Being aware of this giant media shift and being a
part of it are two totally different things.
<P>
I've written this article mainly for those entrepreneurs whose businesses
might not seem to them like a logical candidate for Internet exposure and
marketing. If that is not the case with you, please keep reading, as I'm
sure you will get something useful from my ramblings. 
<P>
Knock, knock, still with me?
<P>
There is no business as apparently "far away" from The Internet as
drycleaning. Customers have to show up live and in person at your counters
with their cleaning. And, it's a drycleaning business I used to own and
operate so this will serve my purpose well. Although I sold my company just
prior to the laying of the pavement of the Information Super Highway, I
would like to make a theoretical case study of how I would "marry" my
drycleaning business and the Internet if I still owned MyCleaner (fictitious
name of course) today.
<P>
Ok, these were the areas of advertising that worked best for me:
<P>
Newspaper (I ran a Dr. Drycleaner column once a week in our 200,000+ local
newspaper plus seasonal institutional and promotional ads)
<P>
Television (1 general commercial and 1 wedding gown commercial, run
seasonally on the only local station at the time)
<P>
Direct Mail Coupons (run seasonally, rotated in upscale neighborhoods)
<P>
Welcome Wagon Bridal Parties (we specialized in wedding gown restoration and
preservation - 4 large bridal parties a year)
<P>
Local TV Guide (I ran weekly wedding gown service ads)
<P>
The reason I mention the above advertising mediums will become evident soon.
<P>
Knowing what I know today, this is how I would apply the Internet to
MyCleaner.
<P>
GENERAL INTERNET APPLICATION<BR>
Of course MyCleaner would have a website. I would hire the best webdesigner
in my locale and work hands-on with this professional to design a website
that I've planned out very well in advance. The designer will of course
bring a lot of great ideas to the party. I would create the following
website sections: 
<P>
The History of MyCleaner (old and recent photos of buildings, delivery
trucks, staff, pricelists, memorabilia etc.);
<P>
All About Drycleaning (history, evolution to modern-day techniques);
<P>
We "Green" Clean (how we protect the environment - a large issue today); 
<P>
Wedding Gown Restoration & Preservation (explaining the process, perhaps
using video streaming);
<P>
Links to all the national and international trade organizations MyCleaner
belongs to; 
<P>
Links to our local Better Business Bureau and Chamber of Commerce;
<P>
Our Testimonial Page (featuring letters of praise about our services);
<P>
Online Coupon Specials and a refer-a-friend program (you will see this soon);
<P>
Employee of the Month.
<P>
And, I would include advice from good old Dr. Drycleaner. But this time, I
would make the column into an interactive web board where customers could
write in and ask, and get posted answers to, particular questions about
garment care.
<P>
Knock, knock, try to keep up here, ok?
<P>
FUNDING OF MY WEBMARKETING<BR>
My intention here is NOT to increase my advertising and promotion costs one
red cent. MrCleaner is simply going to transfer advertising mediums and
their  budgets. In my case, I would resolve this issue easily. I would
reduce my newspaper advertising by 50% right away (after all, the newspaper
is looking kinda frail) and apply these dollars to my Internet exposure. I
would also reduce the coupon mailings and their costs (remember, I will be
using online coupons now) and transfer these savings into the erection of
two billboards on high-traffic roads that promote the website and the online
coupons. The billboards will appear "down the road" only when the website is
working perfectly (so the coupon budget becomes available instantly). These
two items will fund the webdesign, domain registration (mycleaner.com) and
server costs. I would also print a flyer announcing the MyCleaner website.
All other advertising activities and budgets would remain in place (you'll
see why soon).
<P>
ADVERTISING ADJUSTMENTS/ADDITIONS<BR>
Instead of producing expensive new television commercials I would just add
"chirons" (text images 'pasted' over existing video) to my television
commercials promoting the new website. Dr. Drycleaner and the online coupons
would stream across the screen during the existing spots. Probably cost me
nothing in production costs as the TV station would gladly do it just to
keep my business. 
<P>
Also, as we re-order our printables, the new website and its features would
soon appear on our letterhead, envelopes, invoices etc. As mentioned above,
I would design and print good-looking flyers announcing the "Grand Opening
of the MyCleaner Website", again highlighting all its features. 
<P>
Ever seen I.D. IT! Plates? At 39.95 per set, these are a great marketing
tool! I would invest in a set for each of my employees, delivery vehicles,
family and friends so that their vehicles become "travelling billboards" for
the MyCleaner website. Check these out later at: <A HREF="http://www.iditplates.com">http://www.iditplates.com</A> .
<P>
But here is an 'option' I might use because I'm a fan of first-class
flamboyancy. I would probably purchase mid-line PC's (which I could
write-off and later give away as gifts to my employees or customers) and
install a monitor and mouse on each stores' counter, proudly displaying the
new MyCleaner website. Invite our customers to surf the site. They will
receive a flyer anyway on their drycleaning order so the "connection" is
strengthened and we of course, look more "leading edge".
<P>
Today, MyCleaner would be the only techno-cleaner in this market of over
300,000. The promotional exposure and image enhancement benefits would be
immense to say the least.
<P>
GENERAL DEMOGRAPHICS<BR>
Drycleaning is a luxury service. I had a customer base of 20,000 families.
Figure 90% of my customers are middle to upper middle class. Further, assume
a conservative 50% have computers at home or work and are online. That's
9,000 customers. Let's be frugal again and estimate 25% of these customers
actually visit our website because of the high exposure we have given it.
That's 2,250 at-home or at-work customer viewers. Now please hold that
thought.
<P>
MORE PROMOTION<BR>
The billboards I mentioned would be bright, bold and clean (and funded by
the reduction of snail-mail coupons). Feature the www.mycleaner.com address,
the online coupons, Dr. Drycleaner and I would implement a
"refer-an-online-friend" program where the referring customer receives a
lifetime 5% bonus discount for bringing in a new customer. 
<P>
The MyCleaner website and its features are also appearing on television,
what newspaper I am still running, my TV Guide ads, and I would definitely
make sure my about-to-be, mainly computer-literate brides-to-be from Welcome
Wagon receive my flyer highlighting the online presentation of the entire
wedding gown process. 
<P>
Also, I would set up a meeting with the large local online mall in this
region. Knowing me, I would talk a deal where I would offer the Dr.
Drycleaner column as a service for their customers in trade for a main page
link.
<P>
OK, let's say another 2,250 people visit because of all the above.
<P>
IS THAT NOT A REASON TO PUT OUT A NEWSLETTER?<BR>
You bet it is! I now have 4500 visitors to my site and the
ultra-conservative me predicts 25% of them will register to receive a
periodic newsletter. My monthly newsletter circulation is then 1,125. This
newsletter will feature upcoming specials, online coupons, the
refer-an-online-friend program, the Dr. Dryclean column, and I would
probably now run an online contest. Give away free drycleaning or pay for
their Internet access for a year. Bear in mind that these newsletter
recipients are dedicated, died-in-the-saddle cyber-customers. In other
words, a captive audience.
<P>
MAKING THE MOST OF A CAPTIVE AUDIENCE<BR>
I'm not naive. If I have consumers at arms-reach, I'm going to sell them
everything within reason that they would have to go elsewhere to purchase
(photo finishing was a great add-on to drycleaning for me). So, I would take
advantage of my captive online audience and now offer them the best Internet
shopping available.
 <P>
Yes, I'm talking about affiliate programs. I would include books, music
CD's, videos, software and a mainstay shopping site. Promote to my customers
using the  "for your convenience" approach. 
<P>
Knock, knock, I'm just about done.
<P>
'NET' RESULTS<BR>
What I have done is taken a non-Internet business and made the Web work for
me and my customers. I have increased my visibility, added to my customer
base, increased my sales and enhanced my profile in one fell swoop without
increasing my advertising and promotion budget. I now have in my newsletter
a "free" way to contact my customers and make them appreciate the
information they receive and the notification of upcoming specials. I may
have saved them even more money on their yearly drycleaning bill because
they referred their next door neighbor to MyCleaner. Plus, I have an
additional income stream coming from purchases through the affiliate
programs. It's win-win all the way.
<P>
This has been a rather lengthy article but I'm confident that if you've
stayed with me this long you will understand that the Internet CAN be made
to work for you, regardless of the nature of your business. It is this
writers hope that if you are aware of what's going on and still haven't made
plans to expose yourself on the Internet, that you will consider doing so now.
<P>
There is a country music saying, "where there's a Willie, there's a Waylon".
You CAN make the Internet work for you and your customers. It's simply a
matter of some creative thinking and developing the right application. If I
were still in the drycleaning business, I'd be cleaning up in town right now
just using the basic approach I've outlined in this article. 
<P>
OK gotta go, there's a knock at the door!
<P>
Written by Rick Beneteau<BR>
(c) 1998 NetProfit 2020 Inc., Marietta, GA 
<P>
Rick is a partner in the Internet Marketing firm NetProfit 2020 Inc. Their
newest product and affiliate program, I.D. IT! Plates (URL/EMAIL/NAME plates
for your car and office), at <A HREF="http://www.iditplates.com">http://www.iditplates.com</A> is taking the Net by
storm. Rick also publishes/edits his own newsletter, The Hallway Mirror
(subscribe@thehallway.com). EZINE OWNERS: to subscribe my column Of Mouse &
Man, please go to <A HREF="http://www.thehallway.com/MOUSE%20AND%20MAN/MM1.htm">http://www.thehallway.com/MOUSE%20AND%20MAN/MM1.htm</A> . Rick
is a for-hire freelance writer and you can contact him at
rickbeneteau@netprofit2020.com.

<P>
<HR>
<CENTER><H3>Sponsor Message</H3></CENTER>
<P>

Boogie Jack's - goofy name, excellent resource.
<P>
For webmasters: eye-popping graphics, easy-to-understand html and graphics
tutorials, a color machine to find the code for that just right color, and
a free newsletter to help you tweak your pages and promotional efforts. 
Browse selected articles online.
<P>
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humor and more.  All original content, growing rapidly, wildly popular, and
best of all - it's FREE!  Get jacked!  Boogie Jack's Graphics Plus.
<P>
<A HREF="http://www.boogiejack.com">http://www.boogiejack.com</A>

<P>
<HR>
<CENTER><H3>The Discussion Board</H3></CENTER>
<P>

This week's quote from the discussion board:
<P>
"For getting a good listing in Excite, all I can say is make sure you 
 have a well written title, and the content in your web page is to the
point.   That is what the spider uses to rank you in searches.
<P>
 David Handlos <BR>
 CrossLinkz: Your Free Web Directory!<BR> 
 <A HREF="http://www.crosslinkz.com">http://www.crosslinkz.com</A><BR> 
 Website promotion, email, graphics, and more!"<BR>
<P>
This seems to be the way with most search engines... thanks for the tip,
David!
<P>
Visit the message boards to comment on this quote or just to catch up on the
other exciting discussions going on! If your message is quoted in the
Informer, you will receive large amounts of free advertising!
<P>
By the way, the board have recently been given a new design. They look much
better now! <BR>
<A HREF="http://www.promotionworld.com/discus/">http://www.promotionworld.com/discus/</A>

<P>
<HR>
<CENTER><H3>What's New At Promotion World</H3></CENTER>
<P>
<UL>
<LI>Review: ValueClick
This company was the pioneer in the pay per click advertising world, 
but does it pay for webmasters to host their banners?<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.promotionworld.com/reviews/vclick.html">http://www.promotionworld.com/reviews/vclick.html</A>
<P>
<LI>To help you find your way around Promotion World better, we have implemented
an internal search engine. You will find it to the lower left of the main
page. We thought this was necessary, because hey, this site is composed of
over 450 files!<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.promotionworld.com">http://www.promotionworld.com</A>
<P>
<LI>We've made even more changes to our discussion forums! They now have a
whole new look and feel to them. There is also a new forum... <BR>
<A HREF="http://www.promotionworld.com/discus/">http://www.promotionworld.com/discus/</A>
</UL>
<P>
<HR>
<CENTER><H3>Feature Article</H3></CENTER>
<P>

The Candy Store <BR>
By Bob Osgoodby 
<P>
As you "surf" the Web, you run across many good-looking web 
pages and find some really attractive images.  You can 
download any image you find by simply clicking on it with 
your "right" mouse button.  But while many people look at 
the Web as if it were a candy store with all of those 
goodies free for the taking, that just isn't the case. 
<P>
Everything on the Web is copyrighted, whether it bears a 
copyright notice or not. Unless it gives specific permission 
to reproduce it, you may not copy it and redistribute it. 
<P>
What is copyrighted? Any image or text on a web page, and 
the complete web page itself. But you can copy a web page to 
your computer to see how they used the HTML code. You can 
use their code as an example. But you can't take their page 
and substitute the name of their company with yours, or make 
other minor changes and call it your own. That would be a 
violation of the copyright laws. 
<P>
If you see something you like, your best bet is to send an 
E-mail to the owner.  Many people are receptive to this and 
will grant you permission to use it. 
<P>
The candy store does have a lot of goodies, and they are 
free for your personal use. But if you decide to put those 
goodies in your store which is open to the public, you may 
have a problem. 
<P>
- ----- 
<P>
Bob publishes the free weekly "Your Business" Newsletter 
Visit his Web Site at <A HREF="http://adv-marketing.com/business">http://adv-marketing.com/business</A> to 
subscribe and place a Free Ad for your business. 

<P>
<HR>
<CENTER><H3>Ins and Outs of Affiliate Programs</H3></CENTER>
<P>

The Power of Residual Commissions<BR>
by Ryan Adams
<P>
[This is the third article in a series of three describing some of the
special types of affiliate programs now available. Please visit the Free
Help Desk at: <A HREF="http://www.clickquick.com/helpdesk/">http://www.clickquick.com/helpdesk/</A> for the previous articles
which discussed pay-per-lead opportunities and two-tier commission programs.]
<P>
In the last two issues we have looked at the special advantages that
pay-per-lead and two-tier commission programs have over many of the more
standard programs. This issue we look at a third type of special
opportunity: affiliate programs that offer residual commissions.
<P>
Residual commissions can defined as any commission you receive each and
every month for sales you previously made, as long as the person you
referred remains a customer. An example of this would be the AWebers
Autoresponder program. If you refer a visitor who purchases one of their
autoresponder services, you not only receive an up front commission for the
initial sale, but also a residual monthly commission for as long as that
person remains a paying customer.
<P>
The advantages of residual commission programs is that you can reap the
benefits of your referral for an extended period of time. Perhaps for
months, or even years, you will continue to receive a commission. Obviously,
these residual commissions could really add up over time. Even better, as
your base of sales also grows, your monthly residual will continue to
increase. And the best thing about residual commissions is that it is income
you can practically rely on, since you will continue to earn as long as they
remain a customer.
<P>
So, how can these programs offer residual commissions to you? Mainly because
most, if not all, residual programs are selling services for which they
charge a monthly rate. Similar to your Internet access charges, the customer
receives a monthly bill for their service. And you are paid a percentage of
this monthly fee. This represents the only major disadvantage residual
programs really have. Since the type of services involved are not one-time
purchases, and since this generally makes it a larger decision for the
customer, these programs do often experience lower conversion rates than
programs that rely on one-time sales. 
<P>
However, unlike most pay-per-sale programs, with a residual program you do
not have to worry about losing future business. If you refer a customer, you
can be assured of receiving commissions from them each month. By comparison,
with standard programs such as Amazon and CDNow, there is what I call a
leaching effect. You refer the customer, and make that initial commission on
their purchase. But after this, the customer bookmarks the home page of the
merchant, and is solicited with direct offers by email, neither of which
will help you earn a repeat commission, unless they are thoughtful enough to
remember your site and use your link to purchase.
<P>
So, if you are interested in adding a residual income program to your site,
be sure to visit the Residual Commission program category in the Affiliate
Programs section, http://www.clickquick.com/affiliate/residual.htm . Several
of the programs reviewed have also made it to the ClickQuick Top
Opportunities listing including Virtualis and AWebers Autoresponders (both
of which also offer two-tiered commission structures - a great combination).
<P>
Ryan Adams<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.clickquick.com">http://www.clickquick.com</A><BR>
ClickQuick : Reviews of the top affiliate and pay-per-click programs<BR>
Subscribe to our Free Bi-weekly newsletter packed with strategies, tips and
reviews (<A HREF="mailto:subscribe@clickquick.com">mailto:subscribe@clickquick.com</A>)<BR>
Visit our message board to discuss what opportunities really work

<P>
<HR>
<CENTER><H3>Bits And Pieces</H3></CENTER>
<P>

Some of you may have read my review speaking of the poor response I have
received from ValueClick <A HREF="http://www.promotionworld.com/reviews/vclick.html">http://www.promotionworld.com/reviews/vclick.html</A>.
<P>
However, I think I have found an alternative. I have been testing them for
the past few weeks and they seem to be working reasonably well, and are so
far paying much more than ValueClick.
<P>
Teknosurf at <A HREF="http://www.teknosurf.com/cgi-bin/refer.cgi?jreimer">http://www.teknosurf.com/cgi-bin/refer.cgi?jreimer</A> is a brand
new ad network paying anywhere between $.10 to $.20 cents per click through,
averaging at around $.12 a click.
<P>
They use a nifty smart targeting system that will display the ads that make
you the most money the most often. That way, the longer you stay on the
system the better response rate you will have, as the system collects data
about your site. 
<P>
They also have a great referral program! Why else do you think I would tell
you about them? (Just kidding... really!). They will pay you $5 for every
webmaster you sign up, and $2 for every webmaster that that webmaster signs
up.
<P>
That may sound like a lot, but Teknosurf recently said that: "The average
response rate we have seen is roughly 10 percent of visitors whom you refer
APPLY to become a webmaster. Of those 10 percent roughly 10-20 percent of
them are accepted. Unfortunately an overwhelming majority of sites fall
under the following conditions which preclude them from the Teknosurf
Network."
<P>
They then went on to list the sites that are not allowed in the network:
"Illegal Content, Immoral/Offensive Content, Copyrighted Content, Free
Hosting Company (i.e. Geocities), Under 100 hits per day, Make money on the
web webpages, Non English Language. 
<P>
So if your site is right, you should apply. I am going to be sticking with
them for some time now, as my stats seem to be improving each day.
<P>
<A HREF="http://www.teknosurf.com/cgi-bin/refer.cgi?jreimer">http://www.teknosurf.com/cgi-bin/refer.cgi?jreimer</A><BR>
___________________
<P>
BizWizards site has a great tutorial on starting and promoting a newsletter.
There are many ideas in there that I will have to try to find time to use!
If you are going to be starting a newsletter, this is a must read.
<A HREF="http://bizwizards.net/DIYE.htm">http://bizwizards.net/DIYE.htm</A><BR>
___________________
<P>
Here is an interesting looking promotion site in German. If you read German,
this could be a good resource for you. All I can say is that it looks
interesting, and I wish I could read German! <A HREF="http://www.surfpromote.com/">http://www.surfpromote.com/</A><BR>
___________________
<P>
David Handlos has created a very informative checklist for the website
promoter. Well worth the visit. <A HREF="http://www.crosslinkz.com/checklist/index.html">http://www.crosslinkz.com/checklist/index.html</A>

<P>
<HR>
<CENTER><H3>Website Usability</H3></CENTER>
<P>
Human Memory Limitations and Web Site Usability <BR>
by John S. Rhodes
<P>
The usability of your Web site depends upon your users' ability to encode,
store, and remember information. If your users can't remember what they need
to remember, they will be disgusted and they will fail. If they fail, then
your site fails. 
<P>
Supposedly, humans are able to hold 7 #177# 2 items in memory. This number is
based on George Miller's (1956) work on digit span recall tasks. In
particular, Miller examined how people encode and recall lists of
increasingly difficult digit sequences. He found that people were generally
only able to recall between 5 and 9 "chunks" of information (even when given
other types of material to study, e.g. words). He concluded that the human
memory system has a capacity of 7 #177# 2 chunks. 
<P>
I think that 7 #177# 2 is a squishy concept since chunks are so very flexible.
On the one hand, you might only be able to use small chunks. On the other
hand, you might be able to employ huge chunks. You can potentially pack a
lot of information into a "chunk". For example, an entire movie passage
could be considered a chunk; a lengthy passage is still a chunk. This can be
very good to know because, if properly motivated, you can help users chunk
information in memory by grouping information on your site. For example, you
could structure your global navigation mechanisms at the top of the page
(e.g., 'Contact Us', 'Site Map', 'Search', etc.), and you could group your
sub-site navigation to the left of the page (e.g., 'Engineering Department',
'Chemical Engineering', 'Quality Control', etc.). In this way, you are
taking these ideas and you are chunking them for your users. While users
have limited memory capacities, you can optimize your pages to take
advantage of what users do have. 
<P>

It Gets Worse...
<P>
So far, I have made it sound as if memory is not all that bad. However, this
is seriously wrong: realistically, users' memory capacity in a dynamic
environment (e.g., the Web) is only about 2 or 3 chunks (Yntema & Mueser,
1960; Yntema, 1963; Venturino, 1997). That's right, 2 or 3 chunks. Put
another way, as your users navigate and digest your site, they are actually
only able to keep track of about 2 or 3 things. Your users might not be able
to remember information from just a page or two back. 
<P>
Miller (1956) did not require people to remember changing information. The
Web is dynamic. JavaScript, CGIs, hyperlinks, animation, and so forth, all
make the Web a volatile environment. The paradigm for memory capacity of
users must be put on more realistic footing. Put another way, users are not
able to remember information very well at all. So, while Miller's (1956)
research is great, it simply does not reflect users' dynamic tasks on the
Web -- the Web is an enemy of human memory.
<P>
Several people have advocated that Web sites be built shallow and wide,
whereby users are not required to click more than three links to get to what
they want. This seems to cohere with the empirical work cited above. Users
can't remember what they want and need so it is your job to guide them, and
guide them well. These details also help to explain why hyperlinks with
greater amounts of explanation (or context) are superior to shallow links.
If users must click from page to page looking for what they want, they will
forget what they are looking for (or they will get distracted).
<P>
Some Web sites have decided that certain information (e.g., articles) should
be divided into many parts. I will not argue that information should be all
on one page; that is silly. However, I will state that breaking pages up for
the sake of convenience or aesthetics does not make sense if users must
recall information from previous points in time. That is, if users need to
remember information from an earlier point in time, then under most
circumstances the information should be on a single Web page. Obviously this
is not a rule, it is just a statement that memory limitations will prevent
users from remembering information from an earlier point. Further, consider
that scrolling is easier for users than moving back through pages. Printing
even a very large Web page is easier than navigating back and printing
previous (smaller) pages. Many of your users print Web pages, since reading
off of a computer screen is a hassle. Finally, users can more easily search
or scan the information if it is on one screen.
<P>
You ought to spend a lot of time improving the navigation of your Web site.
In fact, you will need to have navigation that is great if you want to
minimize the weaknesses of human memory. Visible, easy to use, easy to
understand navigation is critical. 
<P>
You can augment your users' performance by having them use recognition
rather than recall. That is, give your users the information that they need
and allow them to pick what they want. Don't force users to recall
information, such as passwords, unless absolutely necessary.
<P>
Here is some final food for thought. I claim that search engines have
largely been successful because they shift a memory burden away from users.
Search engines are basically recalling information for users. Furthermore,
this is information that users never needed to store. Search engines are so
great because they store and recall information for users and then, when the
results are displayed, users simply perform a recognition task. It really is
an interesting memory phenomenon when you think about it -- in effect, search
engines are able shift recall to recognition. Since recognition is better
than recall, and since overall performance improves, the usability is
augmented. Pretty slick, eh?

<P>
A Few Quick Tips 
<P>
Work on improving your writing. Online writing (i.e., using hyperlinks, 
developing good content, formatting text, etc.) is difficult, but it can be 
critical to improving users' memory. By strategically building context 
around an idea, and by associating the current idea with other ideas, 
your users will recollect the information better. (Memory research has 
shown that humans remember information better when they process the 
information at a deeper level and when they associate that information  
with other information.) 
<P>
Remember to provide context and background information in your email 
messages to people. This will allow them to recognize what you are talking 
about, rather than forcing them to recall some previous message or event. 
Using a good signature helps too. 
<P>
Maintain a high level of consistency from page to page. The less your users 
have to learn, the less they have to remember. The less they have to remember,
the easier your site will be to use. Also, you can more rapidly focus your
users on the content. 
<P>
When possible, keep link colors standardized: blue unvisited, dark purple
for visited. The blue underlining is a population stereotype, so users
readily recognize the link as a link. Likewise, the dark purple is a memory
cue. 
<P>
References:
<P>
Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven plus or minus two: Some
limitations on our capacity for processing information. Psychological
Review, 63, 81-97.
<P>
Yntema, D. B. (1963). Keeping track of several things at once. Human
Factors, 5, 7-17.
<P>
Yntema, D. B., & Mueser, G. E. (1960). Remembering the present state of a
number of variables. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60, 18-22.
<P>
Venturino, M. (1997). Interference and Information Organization in Keeping
Track of Continually Changing Information. Human Factors, 39(4), 532-539.

<P>
<HR>
<CENTER><H3>News Headlines</H3></CENTER>
<P>


Here is a compilation of URLs to interesting news pieces on an Internet or
website promotion theme.
<P>
<UL>
<LI>AOL buys Netscape for $4.2 billion
<BR><A HREF="http://www.news.com/News/Item/0,4,29201,00.html">http://www.news.com/News/Item/0,4,29201,00.html</A>
<P>
<LI>AOL/Netscape could threaten Microsoft<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.news.com/News/Item/0,4,29153,00.html?st.ne.ni.rel">http://www.news.com/News/Item/0,4,29153,00.html?st.ne.ni.rel</A>
<P>
<LI>Netscape, Infoseek reshape deal<BR> 
<A HREF="http://www.news.com/News/Item/0,4,29298,00.html?pt.isyndicate.ne.hl">http://www.news.com/News/Item/0,4,29298,00.html?pt.isyndicate.ne.hl</A>
<P>
<LI>AOL And Netscape: A Happy Couple?<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.techweb.com/wire/finance/story/contrarian/INV19981130S0002">http://www.techweb.com/wire/finance/story/contrarian/INV19981130S0002</A>
<P>
<LI>High-speed cable modems take hold<BR> 
<A HREF="http://www.news.com/News/Item/0,4,29324,00.html?pt.isyndicate.bl.hl">http://www.news.com/News/Item/0,4,29324,00.html?pt.isyndicate.bl.hl</A>
<P>
More Internet related news headlines at <BR>
<A HREF="http://www.promotionworld.com/news.html">http://www.promotionworld.com/news.html</A>
</UL>
<P>
<HR>
<CENTER><H3>Misc. Information</H3></CENTER>
<P>

To comment on the issues covered in this week's newsletter, use the
appropriate forum on our Discussion Boards.
<A HREF="http://www.promotionworld.com/discus/">http://www.promotionworld.com/discus/</A>
<P>
If you are looking for some good advertising deals, you might like to
consider Promotion World and the Informer as places to advertise. You can
see our media kit at <A HREF="http://www.promotionworld.com/sponsor.html">http://www.promotionworld.com/sponsor.html</A>
<P>
To subscribe put SUBSCRIBE in the BODY of an email to
<A HREF="mailto:informer@oaknetpub.com">mailto:informer@oaknetpub.com</A>
<P>
To unsubscribe put REMOVE in the BODY of an email to 
<A HREF="mailto:informer@oaknetpub.com">mailto:informer@oaknetpub.com</A>
<P>
I appreciate all your mail with your comments and suggestions!
<A HREF="mailto:webmaster@promotionworld.com">mailto:webmaster@promotionworld.com</A>
<P>
Newsletter Credits:
<P>
Joshua Reimer, Editor<BR>
<A HREF='mailto:webmaster@promotionworld.com">mailto:webmaster@promotionworld.com</A><BR>
<A HREF="http://www.promotionworld.com">http://www.promotionworld.com</A>
<P>
John S. Rhodes, Usability Specialist<BR>
<A HREF="mailto:john@WebWord.com">mailto:john@WebWord.com</A><BR>
<A HREF="http://www.WebWord.com/">http://www.WebWord.com/</A>
<P>
Hayden Mitchell, Search Engine Specialist<BR>
<A HREF="mailto:hayden@webthemes.com">mailto:hayden@webthemes.com</A><BR>
<A HREF="http://www.webthemes.com">http://www.webthemes.com</A>
<P>
And now for the mandatory legal stuff:
<P>
This newsletter is copyright 1997, 1998 Joshua Reimer. No part may be
reproduced in any way without prior permission.

<P>
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